The port and wharf industry is the starting point and end point of waterway transportation, and it is the hub connecting railway, highway, aviation and pipeline, which plays an important role in the development of national economy. In recent years, with the rapid development of China's economy and society and the continuous expansion of international trade, China's port industry has also made remarkable achievements, but it also faces some challenges and problems. This article will be analyzed from the following aspects2023The market situation and challenges of the port and terminal industry in, and put forward corresponding suggestions and countermeasures.

1. infrastructure

According to data from Champ Consulting Group，2022At the end of the year, the national railway operating mileage reached15.7Ten thousand kilometers, of which high-speed rail operating mileage4.410,000 kilometers; the national highway mileage reached54.5Ten thousand kilometers, of which highway mileage18.110,000 kilometers; the national inland waterway navigation mileage reached12.9Ten thousand kilometers, of which the navigable mileage of Class III and above channels1.510,000 kilometers; the national certification civil air transport airport reached260One of the regular flights to the airport.259The country has all kinds of business outlets in the postal industry.44.5million, which are located in rural areas12Ten thousand places; national bus and tram operating lines8Ten thousand, total length of operating lines17.110,000 kilometers; urban rail transit operating lines305Article, Operating Mileage9.9Ten thousand kilometers.

As can be seen from the above data, China's comprehensive three-dimensional transportation network planning outlineThe infrastructure construction goals proposed during the 14th Five-Year Plan period have been basically achieved or exceeded. China's port industry has also made great progress on this basis.By the end of 2022, the national port production terminal berths will reach21.8Ten thousand, an increase over the end of last year0.5Ten thousand. Wherein, wharf berths for production in coastal ports5.5Ten thousand, increase0.110,000, wharf berths for inland port production16.3Ten thousand, increase0.4Ten thousand. National port berths of 10,000 tons and above reach2.9Ten thousand, an increase over the end of last year0.1Ten thousand. From the distribution structure, coastal ports 10,000 tons and above berths2.4Ten thousand, increase0.1Ten thousand, berths of ten thousand tons and above in inland ports0.510,000, flat. In terms of usage structure, specialized berths of 10,000 tons and above1.5Ten thousand, increase0.110,000, general bulk cargo berths of 10,000 tons and above0.7Ten thousand, flat, general grocery berths.0.5Ten thousand, reduce0.1Ten thousand.

From the above data, it can be seen that the level of infrastructure construction in China's port and terminal industry has been continuously improved, the scale and capacity of ports have been continuously expanded, the layout and structure of ports have been continuously optimized, and port services and functions have been continuously improved. At the same time, China's port and terminal industry also actively responds to the national "double carbon" goal, accelerates the construction of green ports, implements the dual control system of total energy consumption and intensity of ports, promotes the use of clean energy and new energy vehicles and ships, strengthens port pollution prevention and ecological restoration, and improves port environmental quality and resource utilization efficiency.2022National Green Port Demonstration Project106One of the first-class green port demonstration projects.18Level 2 Green Port Demonstration Project36Level 3 Green Port Demonstration Project52A. National Green Wharf Demonstration Project1008One of the first-class green wharf demonstration projects168Level 2 Green Wharf Demonstration Project336Level 3 Green Wharf Demonstration Project504A.

Shangpu Consulting believes that the infrastructure construction of my country's port and terminal industry has achieved remarkable results, providing strong support for my country's economic and social development. But at the same time, we should also see that there are still some shortcomings and problems in the infrastructure construction of China's port and terminal industry. First, the matching degree between port construction and demand is not high, and there is a phenomenon of surplus or shortage in some areas. Second, the coordination between port construction and transportation mode is not strong, and the multimodal transport capacity such as iron-water intermodal transport and public-water intermodal transport is insufficient in some areas. The third is that the balance between port construction and environmental protection is not enough. Port construction in some areas has a certain impact on coastlines, wetlands, and biodiversity. Fourth, the combination between port construction and scientific and technological innovation is not deep, and the level of intelligence, informatization and standardization of ports in some areas is low.

In view of the above problems, this paper puts forward the following suggestions and countermeasures:

（1) Strengthen port demand forecasting and planning, scientifically determine the scale and pace of port construction, and avoid blind expansion or lagging development.

（2) Strengthen the connection and supporting of ports with other modes of transportation such as railways, highways, and aviation, and improve the efficiency and level of multimodal transportation.

（3) Strengthen the assessment and monitoring of port ecological environment impact, implement strict access system and exit mechanism, and prevent or reduce the damage to natural resources and ecosystem.

（4) Strengthen port technological innovation and personnel training, introduce and apply advanced technical equipment and management methods, and improve port intelligence, informatization, and standardization.

2. transportation equipment

According to data from Champ Consulting Group，2022At the end of the year, the country's ports had all kinds of transport ships.6.2Ten thousand ships, total deadweight tons4.1Billion tons, up from the end of last year.0.2million ships and0.1billion tons. Among them, coastal ports have transport ships.3.8Ten thousand ships, total deadweight tons3.2Billion tons, up from the end of last year.0.1million ships and0.1Billion tons; inland ports have transport ships.2.4Ten thousand ships, total deadweight tons0.9Billion tons, up from the end of last year.0.110,000 ships and flat. From the type of ship, the country's ports have bulk carriers.2.5Ten thousand ships, total deadweight tons2.6Billion tons, up from the end of last year.0.1million ships and0.1billion tons; container ships0.8Ten thousand ships, total deadweight tons0.7Billion tons, up from the end of last year.0.110,000 ships and flat; tankers0.6Ten thousand ships, total deadweight tons0.5Billion tons, down from the end of the previous year.0.110,000 ships and flat; other types of ships2.3Ten thousand ships, total deadweight tons0.3Billion tons, up from the end of last year.0.110,000 ships and flat. In terms of ship size, the country's ports have10Large transport ships of ten thousand dwt and above1.5Ten thousand ships, total deadweight tons3.5100 million tons, accounting for the country's port transport ships.24%and85%；5Ten thousand10ten thousand deadweight ton medium transport ship1.2Ten thousand ships, total deadweight tons0.4100 million tons, accounting for the country's port transport ships.19%and10%；5Small transport ships below ten thousand dwt3.5Ten thousand ships, total deadweight tons0.2100 million tons, accounting for the country's port transport ships.57%and5%。

From the above data, it can be seen that the upgrading speed of transportation equipment in China's port and terminal industry has been accelerated, the transportation capacity has been continuously improved, and the transportation structure has been continuously optimized. At the same time, China's port and terminal industry is also actively promoting the development direction of intelligent, green and safe transportation equipment. According to data from the Champ Consulting Group,2022National Intelligent Transportation Equipment Demonstration Project200The intelligent container terminal demonstration project.20Intelligent Bulk Terminal Demonstration Project30Intelligent Oil and Gas Terminal Demonstration Project10intelligent waterway transportation demonstration project140A. National Green Transportation Equipment Demonstration Project300Among them, the green container terminal demonstration project.30Green Bulk Terminal Demonstration Project40Green Oil and Gas Terminal Demonstration Project20Green waterway transport demonstration project210A. National Safety Transportation Equipment Demonstration Project400One of the secured container terminal demonstration projects.40A, safe bulk cargo terminal demonstration project.50A, safe oil and gas terminal demonstration project.30A demonstration project for safe waterway transportation.280A.

Shangpu Consulting believes that the development of transportation equipment in my country's port and terminal industry has achieved remarkable results, providing a strong guarantee for my country's waterway transportation. But at the same time, we should also see that there are still some shortcomings and problems in the development of transportation equipment in China's port and terminal industry. First, the matching degree between transportation equipment and market demand is not high, and there is a phenomenon of excess or insufficient transportation capacity in some areas. Second, the integration between transportation equipment and international standards is not strong, and there is a certain gap between the technical level, quality level and safety level of transportation equipment in some areas and the international advanced level. Third, the coordination between transportation equipment and energy conservation and emission reduction is not enough, and the energy consumption level, emission level and noise level of transportation equipment in some areas are still high. Fourth, the combination between transportation equipment and innovation ability is not deep, and the R & D investment, innovation achievements and intellectual property rights of transportation equipment in some areas are still low.

In view of the above problems, this paper puts forward the following suggestions and countermeasures:

（1) Strengthen the demand forecast and supply adjustment of transport equipment, scientifically determine the scale and rhythm of the replacement of transport equipment, and avoid blind expansion or backward renewal.

（2) Strengthen international exchanges and cooperation in transportation equipment, introduce and learn from international advanced technical standards, quality standards, safety standards, etc., and improve the international competitiveness of transportation equipment.

（3) Strengthen energy conservation, emission reduction and environmental protection supervision of transportation equipment, promote the use of clean energy and new energy transportation equipment, strengthen energy consumption monitoring, emission monitoring, and noise monitoring of transportation equipment, and improve the environmental friendliness of transportation equipment.

（4) Strengthen transportation equipment innovation and personnel training, increase investment and support for transportation equipment research and development, strengthen the protection and transformation of transportation equipment innovation results, and improve the innovation level of transportation equipment.

3. transport volume

According to data from the Champ Consulting Group,2022Throughout the year, the country's ports completed cargo throughput.155.6Billion tons, an increase over the previous year5.2%. Among them, coastal ports complete cargo throughput113.9Billion tons, an increase over the previous year5.6%; completed cargo throughput of inland ports41.7Billion tons, an increase over the previous year4.2%. From the type of cargo, the national port to complete the bulk cargo throughput.96.8Billion tons, an increase over the previous year6.1%; container throughput3.9100 million standard boxes, an increase over the previous year4.8%; oil and gas throughput18.7Billion tons, an increase over the previous year3.2%; other types of cargo throughput36.2Billion tons, an increase over the previous year4.5%. From the trade mode, the national port to complete the import and export cargo throughput51.8Billion tons, an increase over the previous year7.8%; Domestic trade cargo throughput103.8Billion tons, an increase over the previous year3.9%。

From the above data, it can be seen that the traffic volume of China's port and terminal industry has maintained a steady growth trend, reflecting the good momentum of China's economic and social development. At the same time, China's port and terminal industry has also actively adapted to the changes in the international trade situation and optimized the structure and layout of import and export goods. According to data from the Champ Consulting Group,2022In the national port import and export goods, the proportion of bulk commodities, mainly bulk cargo, was60%, of which coal accounts15%, iron ore accounted20%The proportion of food is10%Other bulk cargo accounted15%; the proportion of finished goods, mainly containers, is40%, of which the proportion of mechanical and electrical products is20%, textile and clothing accounted10%, the percentage of other finished goods is10%. In terms of geographical distribution, the proportion of trade partners, mainly in Asia, in the import and export of goods at ports across the country is50%, of which East Asia accounts30%Southeast Asia accounts10%Other Asian regions accounted10%The proportion of trading partners mainly in Europe is20%, of which the EU accounts15%Other European regions account5%The proportion of trading partners mainly in the Americas is15%, of which North America accounts10%, South America accounted5%The share of trading partners, mainly Africa and Oceania, is15%, of which Africa accounts10%Oceania accounts5%。

Champu Consulting believes that the traffic volume of China's port and terminal industry reflects the vitality and potential of China's waterway transportation. But at the same time, we should also see that there are still some shortcomings and problems in the traffic volume of China's port and terminal industry. First, the matching degree between transportation volume and market demand is not high, and there is an imbalance between transportation supply and demand in some areas. Second, the adaptability between transport volume and international trade is not strong, and some regions have shown excessive or low dependence on foreign countries. Third, the correlation between transportation volume and transportation efficiency is not enough, and some areas have appeared the phenomenon of transportation congestion or empty driving. Fourth, the degree of security between transport volume and transport quality is insufficient, and problems of transport safety or service quality have arisen in some areas.

In view of the above problems, this paper puts forward the following suggestions and countermeasures:

（1) Strengthen demand forecasting and supply regulation of transport volume, scientifically determine transport volume growth targets and control indicators, and avoid blindly pursuing or suppressing growth.

（2) Strengthen international exchanges and cooperation in transport volume, actively participate in and promote regional economic integration and global trade liberalization, and increase the international influence of transport volume.

（3) Strengthen the efficiency and optimization of transport volume, promote the separation of port collection and multimodal transport, and improve the efficiency of port customs clearance and waterway transport.

（4) Strengthen the quality assurance and improvement of transportation volume, strengthen port safety supervision and waterway safety supervision, strengthen port service standards and waterway service evaluation, and improve port safety and waterway service levels.

4. income

According to data from the Champ Consulting Group,2022Throughout the year, the country's ports achieved operating income.2.8trillion yuan, an increase over the previous year6.8%. Among them, the coastal port to achieve operating income.2.1trillion yuan, an increase over the previous year7.2%; inland ports to achieve operating income0.7trillion yuan, an increase over the previous year5.6%. From the source of income, the national ports to achieve cargo throughput income.1.4trillion yuan, an increase over the previous year5.5%; container throughput revenue0.6trillion yuan, an increase over the previous year4.9%; oil and gas throughput revenue0.2trillion yuan, an increase over the previous year3.4%; other types of cargo throughput income0.2trillion yuan, an increase over the previous year4.7%; other business income0.4trillion yuan, an increase over the previous year12.3%. In terms of revenue structure, the national port cargo throughput revenue ratio is50%, container throughput revenue as a percentage21%, oil and gas throughput revenue as a percentage7%, the percentage of other types of cargo throughput revenue is7%, other operating income as a percentage15%。

From the above data, it can be seen that the revenue of China's port and terminal industry has maintained a rapid growth trend, reflecting the operating efficiency and profitability of China's port and terminal industry. At the same time, China's port and terminal industry is also actively expanding and innovating business models, improving the diversification and added value of income.2022In, ports across the country launched a variety of new business models, including port integrated logistics, port industrial parks, port cross-border e-commerce, port bonded warehousing, port ship maintenance, port tourism, etc., achieving deep integration and mutual benefit with related industries. Win-win.

Champu Consulting believes that the revenue of China's port and terminal industry reflects the development potential and competitive advantage of China's port and terminal industry. But at the same time, we should also see that there are still some deficiencies and problems in the revenue of China's port and terminal industry. First, the balance between revenue and cost is not high, and in some areas, revenue growth is lower than cost growth. Second, the resistance between income and risk is not strong, and some areas have been affected by market fluctuations or emergencies. Third, the rationality between income and tax burden is not enough, and the phenomenon of excessive tax burden or insufficient preferential treatment has appeared in some areas. Fourth, the return between income and investment is insufficient, and some areas have a low return on investment or poor investment effect.

In view of the above problems, this paper puts forward the following suggestions and countermeasures:

（1) Strengthen revenue cost management and control, scientifically determine charging standards and cost budgets, and avoid blindly reducing prices or raising costs.

（2) Strengthen income risk prevention and response, establish and improve risk assessment and emergency response mechanisms, and avoid or reduce losses caused by market fluctuations or emergencies.

（3) Strengthen the adjustment and optimization of income tax burden, reasonably determine the tax rate and tax base, and enjoy policy relief or preferential treatment.

（4) Strengthen income investment decision-making and evaluation, scientifically determine the direction and scale of investment, and improve the rate of return and effect of investment.

5. competition pattern

According to data from the Champ Consulting Group,2022At the end of the year, there were port enterprises nationwide.1.2million, of which state-owned enterprises0.6Wanjia, private enterprises0.4Wanjia, foreign-funded enterprises0.2Wanjia. In terms of scale, there are large port enterprises in the country.200Home, medium-sized port enterprises.800Home, Small Port Enterprises1Wanjia. Geographically, the country has a total of eastern port enterprises.0.6Wanjia, a port enterprise in the central region0.3Wanjia, port enterprises in the western region0.2Wanjia, port enterprises in Northeast China0.1Wanjia. In terms of market share, the top ten port companies in the country are China Shipping Group, China COSCO Shipping Group, China Port Group, China Petrochemical Group, China National Petroleum Corporation, China Railway Group, China Communications Construction Group, and China Power Construction Group. The ten largest port enterprises completed a total of cargo throughput86.7100 million tons, accounting for the national port cargo throughput.55.7%; Complete container throughput2.3100 million standard containers, accounting for the national port container throughput.58.9%; Realize operating income1.6Trillion yuan, accounting for the national port operating income.57.1%。

From the above data, it can be seen that the competition pattern of my country's port and terminal industry presents the following characteristics: First, state-owned enterprises occupy a dominant position, and private enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises have low participation. Second, large enterprises occupy a dominant position, and small and medium-sized enterprises are less competitive. Third, enterprises in the eastern region occupy a mainstream position, and the development of enterprises in the central, western and northeastern regions is uneven. Fourth, the top ten companies occupy an absolute position, and other companies have a smaller market share.

Shangpu Consulting believes that the competitive pattern of my country's port and terminal industry reflects the development level and market laws of my country's port and terminal industry. But at the same time, we should also see that there are still some shortcomings and problems in the competitive pattern of China's port and terminal industry. First, the coordination between the competition pattern and market opening is not enough, and the phenomenon of monopoly or exclusion has appeared in some areas. Second, the promotion between the competition pattern and industrial upgrading is not strong, and there is a phenomenon of homogenization or low-end in some areas. Third, there is insufficient promotion between the competitive landscape and regional collaboration, with fragmentation or confrontation in some regions. Fourth, the degree of performance between the competition pattern and social responsibility is not high, and some areas have been damaged or ignored.

In view of the above problems, this paper puts forward the following suggestions and countermeasures:

（1) Strengthen the market opening and supervision of the competition pattern, encourage and guide private enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises to participate in the port and terminal industry, and break down the barriers of monopoly or exclusion.

（2) Strengthen the competition pattern industrial upgrading and innovation, encourage and guide large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises to carry out differentiated or high-end development, and break the dilemma of homogenization or low-end.

（3) Strengthen regional cooperation and linkage in the competition pattern, encourage and guide the eastern region, the central, western and northeastern regions to share resources or complement each other's advantages, and break down the barriers of dispersion or confrontation.

（4) Strengthen the social responsibility and implementation of the competition pattern, encourage and guide state-owned enterprises and other enterprises to carry out public welfare investment or environmental protection actions, and break the habit of damage or neglect.

6. epilogue

This paper analyzes the infrastructure, transportation equipment, transportation volume, revenue, competitive landscape and so on.2023The market status and challenges of the port terminal industry in, and put forward corresponding suggestions and countermeasures. Overall, China's port terminal industry in2022has made remarkable achievements, but also faces some problems and difficulties. Shangpu Consulting believes that in the future development of China's port and terminal industry, we should adhere to the guidance of Xi Jinping's thought of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, implement the new concept of development, adhere to high-quality development, adhere to green development, adhere to open development, adhere to innovative development, adhere to coordinated development, adhere to shared development, and constantly enhance the comprehensive strength and international competitiveness of the port and terminal industry. To make greater contributions to building a maritime and transportation power.