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数据分析是指通过收集、整理、处理、分析和解释数据,从中发现有价值的信息,为决策提供支持的过程。数据分析可以帮助咨询顾问更好地了解客户的状况、问题和需求,以及市场的机会和风险,从而提出更有说服力和可行性的建议和方案。数据分析需要运用一定的方法、工具和技能,例如:
方法:常用的数据分析方法有描述性分析、探索性分析、推断性分析、预测性分析等,不同的方法适用于不同的目标和场景。
工具:常用的数据分析工具有Excel、SPSS、SQL、R、Python等,不同的工具有不同的优势和局限,需要根据数据量、类型和复杂度来选择合适的工具。
技能:数据分析需要掌握一定的统计学知识、编程能力、业务理解等技能,以及良好的逻辑思维和沟通能力。
数据可视化是指通过图形、图表、地图等方式,将数据转化为直观、易理解的形式,从而帮助人们发现数据中的规律、趋势和异常的过程。数据可视化可以帮助咨询顾问更有效地传达分析结果和建议,以及吸引和影响客户和受众。数据可视化需要遵循一定的原则、技巧和类型,例如:
原则:常用的数据可视化原则有信、美、简等,不同的原则适用于不同的目标和场景。
技巧:常用的数据可视化技巧有选择合适的图形、控制颜色数量和对比度、使用简单易读的字体等,不同的技巧有不同的效果和局限。
类型:常用的数据可视化类型有条形图、折线图、饼图、散点图等,不同的类型适合展示不同类型和维度的数据。
案例分析是指通过对具体的个案进行深入、系统、综合的研究,以发现问题、提出解决方案和总结经验教训的过程。案例分析是咨询行业常用的一种工作方法,可以帮助咨询顾问更好地理解客户的需求、挑战和机遇,以及提供有针对性和创新性的建议。案例分析需要运用一定的方法论模型,例如:
SCP模型:SCP(structure、conduct、performance)模型,分析在行业或者企业收到表面冲击时,可能的战略调整及行为变化。
波士顿矩阵:BCG矩阵是波士顿咨询集团(Boston Consulting Group)首创的一种规划企业产品的方法,目的在于协助企业分析与评估其现有产品线,利用企业现有资金进行产品的有效配置与开发。
波特五力模型:波特五力模型是由美国哈佛大学商学院教授迈克尔·波特提出的一种分析行业竞争结构和企业竞争优势的工具,它认为影响一个行业竞争程度和盈利能力的主要有五个因素:潜在进入者、替代品、供应商议价能力、买方议价能力和现有竞争者。
下面我们具体来看一下GE矩阵
GE矩阵是一种分析企业产品结构和投资组合的方法,由美国通用电气公司(GE)与麦肯锡公司于20Century70年代所创立。GE矩阵通过对企业在市场上的竞争实力和行业的市场吸引力两个维度评估现有业务,每个维度分为三层,共九个方格。GE矩阵可以帮助企业确定哪些业务是有前景的,哪些业务是需要改进或放弃的,以及如何分配资源和资金。
1.确定战略业务单位,并对每个战略业务单位进行内外部环境分析。 2.确定市场吸引力和业务实力的评价指标和权重。 3.根据评价指标和权重,计算每个战略业务单位的市场吸引力和业务实力得分。 4.将每个战略业务单位绘制在GE矩阵中,根据所在的方格判断其相对优势和劣势。 5.AccordingGE矩阵的结果,选择合适的战略选项,如投资、保持、收割或放弃。
GE矩阵的应用范围很广泛,可以用于企业战略规划、产品组合管理、资源分配等方面。例如,一家多元化经营的公司可以用GE矩阵来评估其不同事业部门的表现和发展潜力,并根据结果制定相应的投资策略。另外,GE矩阵也可以与其他方法论模型结合使用,如红灯战略选择法、SWOT分析法等。
这里有一个GE矩阵的案例分析:
一家多元化经营的公司有四个事业部门:A、B、C、D。公司想要用GE矩阵来评估这四个事业部门的市场吸引力和业务实力,并制定相应的战略选择。具体步骤如下:
1.确定市场吸引力和业务实力的评价指标和权重。假设市场吸引力有三个指标:市场增长率(40%)、市场规模(30%)、市场利润率(30%)。业务实力有三个指标:相对市场份额(50%)、品牌知名度(30%)、产品质量(20%)。 2.根据评价指标和权重,计算每个事业部门的市场吸引力和业务实力得分。假设每个指标按照1-5分进行打分,得到如下表格:
根据公式:得分 = 权重 × 分数,可以计算出每个事业部门的总得分:
3.将每个事业部门绘制在GE矩阵中,根据所在的方格判断其相对优势和劣势。假设每个维度按照1-5分进行划分,A属于高高型,即高市场吸引力、高业务实力;B属于中中型,即中等市场吸引力、中等业务实力;C属于低低型,即低市场吸引力、低业务实力;D属于高低型,即高市场吸引力、低业务实力。
4.AccordingGE矩阵的结果,选择合适的战略选项。一般来说,高高型应该选择投资或保持战略;中中型应该选择保持或收割战略;低低型应该选择收割或放弃战略;高低型应该选择投资或放弃战略。具体的战略选择还要根据公司的资源、能力、目标等因素进行综合考虑。例如,对于D事业部门,如果公司有足够的资源和能力来提升其业务实力,可以选择投资战略;如果公司没有这样的资源和能力,或者认为该市场存在较大的不确定性和风险,可以选择放弃战略。
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