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Special Report: Analysis of the overall competitive landscape of the car navigation industry market in 2023.

2024-07-18 01:39:18 来源：尚普咨询浏览量：0

一、车载导航的技术原理

车载导航是一种利用全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）和惯性测量单元（IMU）等技术，实现车辆的高精度定位和导航的系统。GNSS是以人造卫星作为导航台的无线电导航系统，通过接收机或其它接收器接收卫星信号从而进行定位和导航，它能为使用者提供全天候、高精度的位置、速度和时间信息。IMU是一种以牛顿力学定律为基础、利用惯性传感器（如陀螺仪和加速度计）测量加速度从而解算运载体位置信息的自主导航定位方法，能准确测量位置、加速度、角度等信息。IMU不向外部辐射能量、不依赖于外部信息，因而具备不与外界交互而自主独立工作的能力。

车载导航通过GNSSandIMU的优势互补，从而满足自动驾驶对定位精度和稳定性的要求。GNSS在卫星信号良好时可提供厘米级定位，但在地下车库等卫星信号微弱的场景下，其定位精度会大幅下降。IMU即使在复杂工作环境中或极限运动状态下也可进行准确定位，但其存在误差累计问题，两者结合可实现应用场景和定位精度的互补。此外，GNSS更新频率低（仅有10Hz，其延迟达100ms），不足以支撑实时位置更新，IMU的更新频率＞100Hz（其延时＜10ms），可弥补GNSS的实时性缺陷。

车载导航主要的产品形态是定位盒子（P-Box），由GNSS单元、IMU单元、GNSS天线、MCU等构成。车载导航系统的开发和量产难度较高，其中开发难度主要体现在将GNSS单元、IMU单元、GNSS天线等耦合成产品的技术能力。开发商在开发车载导航系统时需要先对GNSS/IMU单元（可以自产或者外购）、GNSS天线等单独进行解耦，然后再耦合成组合导航系统。耦合过程中需要使用耦合技术，耦合算法按照效果由高到低可分为松耦合、紧耦合和深耦合，开发难度也由低到高。实测结果显示，深耦合相较普通的松耦合定位精度可提升3~7倍，较紧耦合定位精度可提升2~5倍。大多数组合导航厂商只能掌握松耦合技术，定位效果较好的紧/深耦合算法成为车载组合导航系统的开发难点。

二、车载导航的行业趋势

车载导航的行业趋势主要受到自动驾驶的推动，L3+级自动驾驶汽车标配车载导航有望成为大趋势。自动驾驶有3种定位方式，各有优劣，单独使用均无法满足自动驾驶对定位系统的高精度、高可靠性、高可用性要求。信号定位：以GNSS系统为主，结合RTK实现厘米级定位，也包括WiFi定位、基站定位等；环境特性匹配定位：利用车载摄像头、激光雷达等传感器，感知周边环境（相对定位），用观测到的特征和数据库里的语义地图或特征地图进行匹配，得到车辆的位置和姿态；惯性导航定位：依靠惯性传感器（IMU）获得加速度和角速度信息，并由此推算获得当前的位置和方位的定位技术。这三种方案各有优劣，单独使用均无法满足L3+自动驾驶对定位系统的高精度、高可靠性、高可用性的要求，信号定位方式依赖卫星信号，在隧道、车库等地方容易出现卫星信号丢失，信号定位失效；环境特征匹配定位中的传感器容易受恶劣天气影响；惯性导航定位虽然不容易受外界环境干扰，但是其误差会随时间增加而变动。三种方案的单独使用均无法满足L3+自动驾驶对定位系统的高精度、高可靠性、高可用性的要求，于是将摄像头、激光雷达、IMU、GNSS信号等进行更深层次的融合，尤其是GNSSandIMU信号的融合，有望构成较为完美的L3+自动驾驶定位方案。

我们认为，车载组合导航应用在L3+自动驾驶汽车上的核心优势有3点：精度高：GNSSandIMU本身就能够单独实现厘米级的高精度定位；与此同时，IMU能够与车辆轮速、方向盘转角、其他传感器等信息结合，进一步提升定位精度；多场景适用：在卫星信号较好时，GNSS系统能提供全天候、全天时、绝对位置准确的定位信号；当汽车进入隧道或车库等卫星信号缺失的领域，基于失效前感知到的道路信息和IMU对汽车航迹的推演，IMU单元仍然能够让汽车继续保持安全行驶。可靠性高：IMU可验证GNSS定位的自洽性，对于无法自洽的GNSS数据进行过滤和修正。例如，若GNSS系统出现故障时输出汽车的绝对位置在短时间内发生了很大的变化，这将反馈给自动驾驶系统“汽车具有很大加速度”这一信息，而此时IMU发现汽车并不具备这样的加速度，这表明GNSS定位出了问题，IMU将会接管绝对定位系统；

小鹏P7、蔚来ET7等多款L3+车型均配备了车载组合导航系统，凭借精度高+多场景适用+可靠性高的优点，我们判断L3+自动驾驶汽车标配车载组合导航有望成为行业大趋势。

三、车载导航的市场规模

In2022-2028年期间，全球车载导航市场规模将从189.1亿美元稳步增长到297.8亿美元，全球车载导航市场增速年均为4%。从市场地域分布来看，在2022年，北美地区车载导航市场占了28.6％的市场份额，全球最大。欧洲地区紧随其后，占了25.9％的市场份额。亚太地区则占了23.5％的市场份额，其中中国是亚太地区最大的市场。

据尚普咨询集团数据显示，在2022－2023年期间，中国车载导航市场规模将从507亿元稳步增长到550亿元左右，中国车载导航市场增速年均为5％左右。从产品类型来看，中国车载导航市场主要由原装配和后装配两部分组成。原装配是指在汽车生产过程中就安装好的导航系统，后装配是指在汽车销售后再安装的导航系统。在2022年，原装配占了中国车载导航市场的60％，后装配占了40％。随着汽车厂商对导航系统的重视程度提高以及消费者对品质和安全性的要求提高，预计未来原装配将占据更大的市场份额。

四、车载导航的竞争格局

根据尚普咨询集团数据显示，全球车载导航市场前五名厂商分别是Garmin、TomTom、Alpine、PioneerandBosch，合计占据了全球市场的51.2％。其中Garmin是全球最大的车载导航厂商，占据了全球市场的17.8％。Garmin主要以提供后装配产品为主，在北美和欧洲等成熟市场有较强的竞争力。TomTom则是全球第二大车载导航厂商，占据了全球市场的12.4％。TomTom主要以提供原装配产品为主，在欧洲市场有较高的市场份额。Alpine、PioneerandBosch则分别占据了全球市场的8.7％、6.8％和5.5％，主要以提供原装配产品为主，在亚太和北美等市场有一定的影响力。

在中国车载导航市场，竞争格局则更为分散，没有一家厂商能够占据绝对优势。根据尚普咨询集团数据显示，中国车载导航市场前五名厂商分别是高德、百度、科大讯飞、四维图新和华测导航，合计占据了中国市场的38.7％。其中高德是中国最大的车载导航厂商，占据了中国市场的12.3％。高德主要以提供后装配产品为主，在移动端和车载端都有较强的用户基础和品牌影响力。百度则是中国第二大车载导航厂商，占据了中国市场的9.8％。百度主要以提供原装配产品为主，在自动驾驶领域有较强的技术优势和合作伙伴。科大讯飞则是中国第三大车载导航厂商，占据了中国市场的7.2％。科大讯飞主要以提供原装配产品为主，在语音交互和人工智能领域有较强的技术优势和合作伙伴。四维图新和华测导航则分别占据了中国市场的5.2％和4.2％，主要以提供原装配产品为主，在地图数据和高精度定位技术方面有一定的竞争力。

Summary:

车载导航是一种利用全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）和惯性测量单元（IMU）等技术，实现车辆的高精度定位和导航的系统。车载导航系统在自动驾驶、交通管理、安全防护等领域有着广泛的应用和市场需求。本文从车载导航的技术原理、行业趋势、市场规模、竞争格局等方面进行了分析，旨在为投资者提供参考。

根据本文的分析，我们可以得出以下几点结论：

车载导航系统的核心技术是将GNSSandIMU进行深度融合，实现高精度、高可靠性、高可用性的定位和导航功能。

车载导航系统的行业趋势主要受到自动驾驶的推动，L3+级自动驾驶汽车标配车载导航有望成为大趋势。

车载导航系统的市场规模在全球和中国都有较大的增长空间，预计到2023年底，全球车载导航市场规模将达到197亿美元，中国车载导航市场规模将达到550Billions of dollars.

车载导航系统的竞争格局在全球和中国都比较分散，没有一家厂商能够占据绝对优势，各厂商之间存在不同的技术特点和市场定位。

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