Definition, Characteristics, Classification and Development Status of 1. Specialized and New Enterprises

1. Definition

Specialized and Innovative Enterprises (SIEs) refer to enterprises with specialization, innovation and high added value in a certain field, and are an important force to promote economic transformation and upgrading and social development. Specialized and special new enterprises include not only high-tech enterprises, but also enterprises in emerging fields, new formats and new models in traditional industries, as well as enterprises with cross-border integration and cross-field innovation.

2. Characteristics

Specialized new enterprises have the following main characteristics:

(1) Specialization. Specialized and special new enterprises usually focus on a certain field or a certain market segment, forming their own core competitiveness and brand advantages, and can provide high-quality, high-efficiency, and cost-effective products or services to meet the individualization and diversification of customers. demand.

2) Innovation. Specialized and special new enterprises have strong innovation ability and innovation consciousness, constantly carry out technological innovation, management innovation, mode innovation, cultural innovation, etc., can seize market opportunities, respond to market changes, create market demand, and lead the market trend.

(3) High added value. The products or services of specialized new enterprises have high technical content, knowledge content, cultural content and artistic content, which can create greater value for customers, create more wealth for the society, create more taxes for the country, and create more income for employees.

3. Classification

Specialized new enterprises can be classified according to their industry, field, scale, stage of development and other different dimensions, such:

(1) Classification by industry. Specialized and special new enterprises can be divided into different industry categories such as manufacturing, service, agriculture, cultural and creative industries, and each industry can be subdivided into different sub-industries or market segments, such as electronic information in manufacturing, Biomedicine, new materials, new energy, etc., finance, education, consulting, tourism, etc. in the service industry, modern agriculture, ecological agriculture, leisure agriculture, etc. in agriculture, cultural and creative industry in the animation, games, film and television, design, etc.

(2) Classification by field. Specialized and special new enterprises can be divided into different fields such as science and technology, social field, and cultural field. Each field can be subdivided into different sub-fields or themes, such as artificial intelligence, big data, and cloud computing in the field of science and technology., Internet of Things, etc., environmental protection, health, education, public welfare, etc. in the social field, history, folklore, art, sports, etc. in the cultural field.

(3) Classification by scale. Specialized and special new enterprises can be divided into large, medium, small, micro and other different scale categories. Each scale category can be divided according to its operating income, total assets, number of employees and other different indicators. For example, the operating income of large enterprises exceeds 1 billion yuan, the total assets exceed 0.5 billion yuan, and the number of employees exceeds 1000.

(4) Classification by stage of development. Specialized and special new enterprises can be divided into different development stages such as start-up, growth, maturity, and transition. Each development stage can be based on its market share, profitability, innovation vitality, and risk tolerance. Indicators are divided, such as the market share of start-up companies is less than 5%, profitability is weak, innovation vitality is strong, and risk tolerance is high.

4. Development status

Specialized and special new enterprises are playing an increasingly important role in my country's economic and social development, and their quantity, quality, efficiency and influence are showing a trend of rapid growth. According to relevant statistics, by the end of 2022, the number of specialized and special new enterprises in China has reached 1 million, accounting for 10% of all enterprises, of which about 200000 are high-tech enterprises, accounting for 20% of specialized and special new enterprises. The operating income of specialized and special new enterprises reached 30 trillion yuan, accounting for 30% of GDP, of which the operating income of high-tech enterprises was about 10 trillion yuan, accounting for 33% of specialized and special new enterprises; the total profit of specialized and special new enterprises reached 3 trillion yuan, accounting for 15% of all enterprises, of which the total profit of high-tech enterprises was about 1 trillion yuan, accounting for 33% of specialized and special new enterprises. The R & D investment of specialized and special new enterprises reached 1.5 trillion yuan, accounting for 50% of all enterprises, of which the R & D investment of high-tech enterprises was about 600 billion yuan, accounting for 40% of specialized and special new enterprises; the number of patent applications for specialized and special new enterprises reached 1 million, accounting for 60% of all enterprises, of which the number of patent applications for high-tech enterprises was about 400000, accounting for 40% of specialized and special new enterprises. The number of employees in specialized and special new enterprises reached 50 million, accounting for 10% of all enterprises, of which the number of employees in high-tech enterprises was about 10 million, accounting for 20% of specialized and special new enterprises.

The rapid development of specialized new enterprises benefits from the strong support of our government and the wide recognition of the society, as well as the unremitting efforts and continuous innovation of specialized new enterprises themselves. On the government side, in recent years, the Chinese government has issued a series of policies and measures aimed at creating a more favorable environment and conditions for the cultivation of specialized new enterprises, mainly including the following aspects:

(1) Provide tax benefits. Implement policies such as tax reduction and exemption, tax refund, and tax extension for specialized and special new enterprises to reduce their financial burden, increase their profit space, and encourage them to invest more resources in innovative activities. For example, a 15% corporate income tax rate is implemented for high-tech enterprises, a 10% corporate income tax rate is implemented for start-up technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises, and R & D expenses are deducted.

(2) Provide financial support. By setting up special funds, guiding social capital, expanding the scale of credit, and reducing financing costs, we will provide sufficient sources of funds for specialized new enterprises, solve their financing difficulties and expensive financing, and support them in technology research and development, market development, and investment in talent introduction. For example, the establishment of a national science and technology innovation guidance fund, a national emerging industry venture capital guidance fund, a national small and medium-sized enterprise development fund, etc., to guide banks, insurance, securities and other financial institutions to increase credit and investment in specialized new enterprises.

(3) Provide policy support. Through the formulation of special plans, the introduction of preferential policies, the establishment of incentive mechanisms, and the strengthening of supervision and management, we can provide policy guarantees for specialized new enterprises, promote their healthy development, and prevent them from violating laws and regulations, dishonesty, and vicious competition, and protect them. Legitimate rights and interests, maintain its market order. For example, we should formulate the development plan of specialized and special new enterprises, introduce the identification standards and management methods of specialized and special new enterprises, establish the reward and punishment system of specialized and special new enterprises, and strengthen the credit evaluation, supervision and inspection of specialized and special new enterprises.

(4) Provide service support. Through the establishment of service platform, providing consultation and guidance, carrying out training and education, organizing exchanges and cooperation, we can provide professional, personalized and all-round services for specialized new enterprises, help them solve various problems encountered in the process of innovation and development, enhance their innovation ability and competitiveness, and expand their development space and opportunities. For example, the establishment of specialized and special new enterprise service centers, specialized and special new enterprise innovation alliances, specialized and special new business incubators, etc., to provide specialized and special new enterprise policy consultation, technology transfer, market docking, talent training, legal services, etc.

The main challenges and opportunities faced by 2. specialized and special new enterprises

In the process of development, specialized and special new enterprises are faced with various challenges and opportunities. They need to make reasonable analysis and response according to their own characteristics and external environment in order to achieve sustainable development.

1. Main challenges

The main challenges faced by specialized new enterprises are as follows:

(1) The market is highly competitive. Specialized new enterprises are located in the field or market segment, usually with high growth potential and profit margins, attracting a large number of competitors to enter, resulting in increasingly fierce market competition, specialized new enterprises market share and profit margins are under pressure. At the same time, specialized and special new enterprises are also facing competition from the international market, especially in the aspects of leading technology, well-known brand, market scale and so on. Foreign specialized and special new enterprises often have greater advantages. Specialized and special new enterprises need to constantly improve their international competitiveness and prevent being marginalized or eliminated.

(2) Lack of innovation capacity. The core competitiveness of specialized new enterprises lies in innovation, but innovation is a complex process, which requires a lot of time, capital, talents and other resources. However, specialized new enterprises often have deficiencies in these aspects, resulting in their weak innovation ability, poor innovation effect and high innovation risk. At the same time, specialized and special new enterprises are also facing imperfect innovation environment, such as weak protection of intellectual property rights, many obstacles to technology transfer, and weak innovation culture, which affect their innovation motivation and efficiency.

(3) Lack of talent. The development of specialized and special new enterprises is inseparable from the support of talents, but specialized and special new enterprises are often difficult to attract and retain excellent talents. The main reasons are as follows: first, the talent demand of specialized and special new enterprises is relatively special, which requires professional knowledge, innovation ability, team cooperation and other qualities, while the supply of such talents is relatively scarce and the market competition is fierce; Second, the talent incentive mechanism of specialized and special new enterprises is not perfect, the inability to provide conditions such as salary, benefits, and career development that match the value of talents leads to a high turnover rate of talents; third, the talent training mechanism of specialized and special new enterprises is not perfect, and they cannot effectively cultivate and reserve their own talents. Lead to a structural gap in talents.

(4) the management level is backward. In the process of development, specialized and special new enterprises often encounter management problems, such as unclear strategic planning, unreasonable organizational structure, internal communication is not smooth, financial management is not standardized, risk control is not in place, etc., affecting the efficiency and quality of its development. The management level of specialized and special new enterprises often does not match the speed and scale of their development. It is necessary to continuously carry out management innovation, improve the management level, and adapt to the needs of development.

2. Main opportunities

The main opportunities facing specialized new enterprises are as follows:

(1) Strong market demand. The fields or market segments in which specialized new enterprises are located usually have high social needs and market potential. With the development of economy and society and the improvement of people's living standards, these needs and potentials will be further released and expanded, providing broad space and opportunities for the development of specialized new enterprises. At the same time, specialized and special new enterprises can also open up new market demand, create new market opportunities and improve their market competitiveness through cross-border integration and cross-field innovation.

(2) Strong policy support. As an important force in my country's economic and social development, specialized and special new enterprises have received great attention and strong support from the government. The government has issued a series of policies and measures to provide a favorable environment and conditions for the development of specialized and special new enterprises, such as Tax incentives, financial support, policy support, service support, etc., these policy measures provide guarantees and incentives for the innovative development of specialized and special new enterprises, it reduces the cost and risk of its development and increases the benefits and motivation of its development.

(3) Rich innovation resources. The development of specialized and special new enterprises is inseparable from the support of innovation resources, and China has rich innovation resources, which provide strong support for the development of specialized and special new enterprises, mainly including the following aspects: first, scientific and technological resources. China has made remarkable progress and achievements in the field of science and technology, with a large number of scientific research institutions, universities, enterprises and other scientific and technological innovation subjects, as well as a large number of scientific and technological talents, scientific and technological projects, scientific and technological achievements and other scientific and technological innovation elements. it provides technical support and technology transfer channels and platforms for specialized new enterprises; second, human resources. China has the largest population in the world, among which there are a large number of high-quality, highly skilled and highly innovative talents, which provide the basis for the supply and training of talents for specialized and special new enterprises; the third is market resources. China has the largest market in the world, including a large number of consumers, customers, partners and other market subjects, as well as a variety of demand, opportunities, potential and other market elements, for specialized new enterprises to provide market demand and feedback information.

(4) Innovation environment improvement. The development of specialized and special new enterprises needs a good innovation environment, and China has continuously improved the innovation environment in recent years, creating a favorable atmosphere and conditions for the development of specialized and special new enterprises, mainly including the following aspects: first, the legal environment. my country continues to improve innovation-related laws and regulations, strengthen the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights, regulate the behavior and order of innovation activities, protect the legitimate rights and interests of innovation entities, and maintain fair competition in the innovation market; the second is the cultural environment. my country continues to cultivate a cultural atmosphere related to innovation, promote the spirit and value of innovation, encourage innovative thoughts and behaviors, respect the achievements and contributions of innovation, and stimulate the motivation and enthusiasm for innovation; the third is the social environment. my country continues to create social conditions related to innovation, enhance social recognition and support for innovation, form social consensus and synergy for innovation, promote innovative social exchanges and cooperation, and expand the social impact and benefits of innovation.

3. Key Measures for Cultivating Specialized and New Enterprises

The cultivation of specialized new enterprises is a systematic project, which needs to be designed and implemented comprehensively from many aspects in order to realize the healthy development and sustainable development of specialized new enterprises. According to the characteristics and needs of specialized new enterprises, as well as the current development status and existing problems, this paper puts forward the following key measures, aiming to provide reference and suggestions for promoting the cultivation of specialized new enterprises.

1. Strengthen policy support

Policy support is an important guarantee for the cultivation of specialized and special new enterprises, which needs to be strengthened from the following aspects:

(1) Improve the policy system. Establish a policy system for specialized and special new enterprises, including the overall planning, special policies, and supporting measures of specialized and special new enterprises, to form a complete policy framework, and clarify the development goals, development paths, and development indicators of specialized and special new enterprises. Provide guidance and basis for the development of specialized and special new enterprises.

(2) Optimize the policy content. Optimize the policy content of specialized and special new enterprises, including the identification standards, preferential policies, incentive mechanisms, etc., to make them more scientific, reasonable and applicable, and better meet the characteristics and needs of specialized and special new enterprises. Effectively play the role and effect of the policy.

(3) Strengthen policy implementation. Strengthen the policy implementation of specialized and special new enterprises, including policy publicity, training, guidance, supervision, evaluation, etc., improve the policy awareness rate, policy enjoyment rate, and policy satisfaction rate of specialized and special new enterprises, and timely discover and solve the policy implementation process Problems and difficulties, and continuously improve the level and effect of policy implementation.

2. Optimize the innovation environment

The innovation environment is an important condition for cultivating specialized new enterprises, which needs to be optimized from the following aspects:

(1) Strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights. Strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights of specialized and special new enterprises, including the application, registration, authorization, transfer, licensing, and rights protection of intellectual property rights, improve the quantity, quality, efficiency and influence of the intellectual property rights of specialized and special new enterprises, and protect specialized and special new enterprises. The innovative achievements and innovative benefits of special new enterprises encourage specialized and special new enterprises to carry out more innovative activities.

(2) Promote the application of technology transfer. Promote the technology transfer and application of specialized and special new enterprises, including technology development, promotion, application, evaluation, etc., establish technology transfer channels and platforms, improve the efficiency and effect of technology transfer, and promote the technological innovation and technology of specialized and special new enterprises Progress to enhance the technological competitiveness and market competitiveness of specialized and special new enterprises.

(3) Cultivate an innovative cultural atmosphere. Cultivate the innovative cultural atmosphere of specialized and special new enterprises, including innovative ideas, values, spirit, atmosphere, etc., promote innovative culture, encourage innovative ideas, respect innovative achievements, stimulate innovative motivation, form innovative habits, and create innovation The environment provides a strong cultural support and power source for the innovative development of specialized and special new enterprises.

3. Promote resource integration

Resource integration is an important means to cultivate specialized and special new enterprises, which needs to be promoted from the following aspects:

(1) Integration of internal resources. Integrate the internal resources of specialized new enterprises, including human resources, financial resources, technical resources, management resources, etc., optimize the allocation and utilization of resources, improve the efficiency and effectiveness of resources, and enhance the internal competitiveness and development capabilities of specialized new enterprises.

(2) Integration of external resources. Integrate the external resources of specialized new enterprises, including government resources, market resources, social resources, international resources, etc., establish resource sharing and collaboration, expand the sources and channels of resources, enrich the content and form of resources, and enhance specialized new enterprises External competitiveness and development space.

(3) Integration of innovation resources. Integrate the innovation resources of specialized new enterprises, including scientific and technological resources, human resources, market resources, cultural resources, etc., build a network and platform for innovation resources, promote the flow and exchange of innovation resources, stimulate the vitality and creativity of innovation resources, and enhance the innovation competitiveness and development potential of specialized new enterprises.

4. Promote talent training and introduction

Talent training and introduction is an important way to cultivate specialized and special new enterprises, which needs to be improved from the following aspects:

(1) Strengthen personnel training. Strengthen the talent training of specialized and special new enterprises, including talent selection, training, assessment, incentives, etc., establish a talent training system and mechanism, improve the quality and level of talent training, and cultivate and reserve the needs of specialized and special new enterprises All kinds of talents meet the talent needs of specialized and special new enterprises.

(2) Strengthen the introduction of talents. Strengthen the introduction of talents in specialized and special new enterprises, including the recruitment, guidance, retention and service of talents, establish channels and platforms for talent introduction, improve the efficiency and effect of talent introduction, introduce and attract all kinds of talents needed by specialized and special new enterprises, and supplement and enrich the talent resources of specialized and special new enterprises.

(3) Strengthen talent cooperation. Strengthen talent cooperation in specialized and special new enterprises, including talent exchange, collaboration, entrepreneurship, innovation, etc., establish a network and platform for talent cooperation, increase the frequency and depth of talent cooperation, and promote mutual learning, mutual assistance and mutual progress of talents. Develop together and stimulate the creativity and karma of talents.

5. Strengthen market development and international cooperation

Market development and international cooperation are important ways to cultivate specialized new enterprises, which need to be strengthened from the following aspects:

(1) Strengthen market development. Strengthen the market development of specialized and special new enterprises, including market research, analysis, positioning, planning, promotion, service, etc., establish a market development system and mechanism, improve the ability and level of market development, and develop and expand specialized and special new enterprises Market space and market share increase the market revenue and market influence of specialized and special new enterprises.

(2) Strengthen international cooperation. Strengthen the international cooperation of specialized new enterprises, including international exchanges, cooperation, competition, learning, etc., establish an international cooperation system and mechanism, improve the ability and level of international cooperation, participate in and integrate into the international market, technology, standards, rules, etc., and enhance the international competitiveness and international influence of specialized new enterprises.

4. epilogue

Specialized and special new enterprises are an important force in my country's economic and social development, and cultivating specialized and special new enterprises is an important task for my country's economic transformation and upgrading and social development. Starting with the definition, characteristics, classification and development status of specialized and special new enterprises, this paper analyzes the main challenges and opportunities faced by specialized and special new enterprises, and puts forward key measures to cultivate specialized and special new enterprises, including strengthening policy support, optimizing the innovation environment, promoting resource integration, improving personnel training and introduction, strengthening market development and international cooperation, etc., in order to provide reference and suggestions for promoting the healthy development of specialized and special new enterprises.