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专精特新企业的优势与挑战：专家解读政策与实践

2024-07-18 01:23:21 来源：尚普咨询浏览量：0

一、经济全球化的背景

经济全球化是当代世界经济的重要特征之一，有利于资源和生产要素在全球的合理配置，有利于资本和产品在全球性流动，有利于科技在全球性的扩张，有利于促进不发达地区经济的发展，是人类发展进步的表现。特别是20世纪90年代以来，以信息技术革命为中心的高新技术迅猛发展，不仅冲破了国界，而且缩小了各国和各地的距离，使世界经济越来越融为整体。

但经济全球化是一把“双刃剑”。它推动了全球生产力大发展，并带来诸多机遇的同时，也加剧了国际竞争，增多了国际投机，增加了国际风险。在经济全球化中，由于实力不同，发达国家和跨国公司将得利最多，而发展中国家所得甚少。因此，发展中国家与发达国家的差距将进一步拉大。

经济全球化条件下也出现了制造业的专业化分工格局，企业为了在市场上处于竞争优势，获得最大的利润，需要不断降低成本。跨国公司或称头部企业往往把自己最具优势、价值最大的部分保留下来，而把他们看来价值不太大，而且自己不擅长或者没有优势的环节外包出去，外包的环节或产品通过一定的方式加以管理，全球价值链和产业链也随之形成。

对于我国而言，经济全球化使我国引进、吸收了世界上的先进管理理论和经验，成功纳入到世界经济体系之中；加速了我国工业化进程，在更广泛的领域内积极参与国际竞争的机会，提高企业的竞争力；有机会利用国外的技术或在外国产品的技术基础上进行创新，建立和发展高新技术产业，实现经济的跨越式发展。我国是经济全球化的重要参与者、建设者和受益者，我国经济的繁荣与参与经济全球化直接相关。

但是，由于基础、历史等原因，我国除了在个别领域处，大部分领域处在全球产业链的中低端。处在产业链中低端的我国制造企业，其主要表现为缺乏自主创新的核心技术，一些产业严重国外，尤其是具有战略意义的重大装备制造业，如发动机、精密仪器、医疗设备等高技术含量和高附加值产品上，主要都是依赖进口；在信息、生物、医药等产业领域的核心专利上，基本上受制于人；关键材料、工业软件、检验检测平台等领域都有难以克服的瓶颈或短板。如果长期依赖国外技术或产品，必然导致日趋严重的技术空心化问题，给我国的产业及产业链安全带来隐患。

二、产业链供应链的韧性

产业链是指由一系列相关的产业组成的链条，包括上游的原材料供应、中游的生产加工、下游的销售服务等环节。供应链是指为满足最终客户需求，从原材料采购、生产加工、物流配送、销售服务等各个环节，形成的一系列相互依存的商业流程和组织网络。产业链和供应链是相辅相成的，产业链决定了供应链的结构和功能，供应链则反映了产业链的运行效率和效果。

产业链供应链的韧性是指在面对外部冲击或内部扰动时，能够保持正常运行或快速恢复的能力。产业链供应链的韧性不仅取决于单个环节或企业的韧性，还取决于整个链条或网络的协调性、灵活性和适应性。产业链供应链的韧性是衡量一个国家或地区经济发展质量和竞争力的重要指标，也是应对各种风险和挑战的重要保障。

提升产业链供应链的韧性需要科技创新。科技创新是提高产业链供应链韧性的根本动力，是提升产业链供应链核心竞争力的关键因素，是推动产业链供应链转型升级的重要手段。通过科技创新，可以提高产品和服务的质量和效率，降低成本和风险，增强市场竞争力和抗风险能力；可以突破关键技术和核心装备的制约，解决“卡脖子”问题，提高产业链供应链的自主可控性和安全性；可以培育新的产业形态和商业模式，拓展新的市场空间和增长点，提高产业链供应链的创新性和活力。

三、专精特新企业的核心要义

专精特新企业是指专业化、精细化、特色化、新颖化的中小企业，是国家支持的重点培育对象，也是推动产业转型升级、构建双循环新发展格局的重要力量。专精特新企业的核心要义可以概括为以下四个方面：

- 专业化。专业化是指企业在某一领域或某一环节进行深入的研究和探索，形成自己的专业知识、技能和经验，提供专业化的产品和服务，满足市场的细分需求。专业化可以帮助企业提高产品和服务的质量和效率，降低成本和风险，增强市场竞争力和抗风险能力。

- 精细化。精细化是指企业在生产管理、产品设计、服务流程等方面进行细致的规划和优化，提高生产和服务的精度和精细度，提升客户的满意度和忠诚度。精细化可以帮助企业提高产品和服务的附加值和差异化，增强客户的粘性和忠诚度，扩大市场份额和利润空间。

- 特色化。特色化是指企业根据自身的优势和特点，以及市场的需求和变化，创造出具有自身特色和风格的产品和服务，形成自己的品牌和形象，打造自己的核心竞争力。特色化可以帮助企业提高产品和服务的创新性和吸引力，增强市场的认知度和影响力，建立自己的品牌和口碑。

- 新颖化。新颖化是指企业不断追求新的技术、新的产品、新的服务、新的模式、新的市场，开拓新的领域和空间，创造新的价值和机会。新颖化可以帮助企业提高产品和服务的适应性和活力，增强市场的变化能力和领先优势，抢占新的市场和增长点。

四、政策思考

专精特新企业作为中小企业的一种，既有中小企业的普遍问题，如融资难、人才缺、税负重等，又有自身的特殊问题，如创新难、市场窄、风险高等。因此，专精特新企业需要得到政府的更多关注和支持，以克服发展中的困难和挑战，实现高质量发展。本文从以下几个方面提出了一些政策建议：

- 加强政策引导和激励。政府应该制定专门针对专精特新企业的政策措施，明确专精特新企业的定义、认定、评价和监测标准，建立专精特新企业的目录和数据库，加强专精特新企业的宣传和推广，提高专精特新企业的社会认知度和影响力。政府还应该给予专精特新企业更多的税收优惠、财政补贴、金融支持、人才培养、技术服务等方面的政策激励，鼓励专精特新企业的创新和发展。

- 建立专精特新企业的服务平台和网络。政府应该利用现有的中小企业服务机构，或者设立专门的专精特新企业服务机构，为专精特新企业提供专业化、精细化、特色化、新颖化的服务，包括信息咨询、技术转移、市场开拓、融资对接、人才培训、法律援助等。政府还应该促进专精特新企业之间的合作和交流，建立专精特新企业的联盟和协会，形成专精特新企业的服务网络和生态圈。

- 打造专精特新企业的发展区域和基地。政府应该根据专精特新企业的特点和需求，选择适合的区域和地点，建设专精特新企业的发展区域和基地，为专精特新企业提供优质的基础设施、公共服务、政策环境、创新氛围等，吸引专精特新企业的集聚和发展。政府还应该支持专精特新企业的跨区域和跨国的合作和交流，打造专精特新企业的国际化平台和窗口。

- 促进专精特新企业的创新能力和水平。政府应该加大对专精特新企业的科技创新的支持力度，增加专精特新企业的科研经费和项目，提高专精特新企业的科研人员和设备的比例，鼓励专精特新企业的科研成果的转化和应用。政府还应该加强对专精特新企业的知识产权的保护和激励，完善专精特新企业的知识产权的管理和服务体系，提高专精特新企业的知识产权的数量和质量。

Conclusion

专精特新企业是我国中小企业的一支生力军，是我国经济社会发展的一支新动力。在经济全球化和产业链供应链变革的背景下，专精特新企业要充分发挥自身的优势，提升自身的韧性，抓住机遇，迎接挑战，实现高质量发展。政府要加强对专精特新企业的支持和服务，为专精特新企业的发展营造良好的环境，为专精特新企业的创新提供有力的保障。

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