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专精特新企业的优势与挑战：从申请到认定的全过程分析

2024-07-18 01:23:30 来源：尚普咨询浏览量：0

专精特新企业的概念和特征

专精特新企业是指主营业务突出、专业能力强、研发创新能力强、具有发展潜力的中小企业，主要集中在新一代信息技术、高端装备制造、新能源、新材料、生物医药等中高端产业领域。专精特新企业的特征可以用“四新”来概括，即专业化、精细化、特色化、新颖化。

专业化是指专精特新企业在细分市场中具有较强的专业能力和市场占有率，能够提供高质量、高附加值的产品或服务，满足客户的个性化需求。专业化的企业往往能够形成核心竞争力，抵御市场风险，实现可持续发展。

精细化是指专精特新企业在生产经营过程中注重细节，追求精益求精，不断提高产品质量和管理水平。精细化的企业往往能够降低成本，提高效率，增强市场竞争力。

特色化是指专精特新企业在产品或服务上具有鲜明的特色，能够与同行业的其他企业形成差异化，打造品牌形象。特色化的企业往往能够吸引和留住客户，提升市场份额，增加利润空间。

新颖化是指专精特新企业在技术创新、产品创新、模式创新等方面具有较强的创新能力和活力，能够不断推出新的产品或服务，满足市场的变化和需求。新颖化的企业往往能够抢占市场先机，引领行业发展，创造更大的社会价值。

专精特新企业的申请条件和认定流程

专精特新企业的申请条件和认定流程由国家和地方两级管理。国家层面由工业和信息化部负责制定专精特新企业的认定标准和管理办法，地方层面由省级中小企业主管部门负责组织实施专精特新企业的申报、审核、公示、备案等工作。

根据《优质中小企业梯度培育管理暂行办法》，专精特新企业可划分为创新型中小企业、专精特新中小企业和专精特新“小巨人”企业三个层次，各层次的申请条件如下：

创新型中小企业：符合《中小企业划型标准规定》的中小企业，且满足以下条件之一：（1）近三年内，研发经费支出占主营业务收入比重达到行业平均水平的1.5倍以上；（2）近三年内，有效发明专利拥有量达到行业平均水平的1.5倍以上；（3）近三年内，新产品（服务）收入占主营业务收入比重达到行业平均水平的1.5倍以上。

专精特新中小企业：符合《中小企业划型标准规定》的中小企业，且满足以下条件之一：（1）近三年内，研发经费支出占主营业务收入比重达到行业平均水平的2倍以上；（2）近三年内，有效发明专利拥有量达到行业平均水平的2倍以上；（3）近三年内，新产品（服务）收入占主营业务收入比重达到行业平均水平的2倍以上。

专精特新“小巨人”企业：符合《中小企业划型标准规定》的中小企业，且满足以下条件：（1）近三年内，研发经费支出占主营业务收入比重达到行业平均水平的3倍以上；（2）近三年内，有效发明专利拥有量达到行业平均水平的3倍以上；（3）近三年内，新产品（服务）收入占主营业务收入比重达到行业平均水平的3倍以上；（4）近三年内，主营业务收入增长率达到行业平均水平的2倍以上；（5）近三年内，主营业务收入利润率达到行业平均水平的1.5倍以上；（6）近三年内，主营业务收入在所属细分市场的市场占有率达到前三名。

专精特新企业的认定流程如下：

第一步，企业自愿申报。符合条件的中小企业可通过专精特新企业信息管理系统在线填报申报表，并提交相关证明材料，如营业执照、财务报表、研发经费支出明细、专利证书、新产品（服务）收入明细等。

第二步，地方审核公示。省级中小企业主管部门会同财政部门对申报企业进行初审，初审通过的企业名单予以公示，公示期为10个工作日，接受社会监督。公示无异议的企业名单报送工业和信息化部。

第三步，国家备案认定。工业和信息化部对报送的企业名单进行合规性审核，审核通过的企业予以备案，并在专精特新企业信息管理系统公布备案结果，并颁发专精特新企业证书。

专精特新企业的评价标准和奖补资金

专精特新企业的评价标准由国家和地方两级制定。国家层面由工业和信息化部负责制定专精特新企业的评价指标体系和评价方法，地方层面由省级中小企业主管部门负责组织实施专精特新企业的评价工作。

根据《专精特新企业评价指标体系》，专精特新企业的评价指标体系包括以下四个方面：

（1）专业化水平。主要考察企业在所属细分市场的市场占有率、品牌知名度、客户满意度等方面的表现。

（2）精细化水平。主要考察企业在生产管理、质量管理、成本控制、效率提升等方面的表现。

（3）特色化水平。主要考察企业在产品（服务）创新、差异化、个性化等方面的表现。

（4）新颖化水平。主要考察企业在技术创新、模式创新、市场创新等方面的表现。

专精特新企业的评价方法为综合评价法，即根据评价指标体系，采用定量和定性相结合的方法，对专精特新企业进行打分和排序，形成评价结果和等级。

专精特新企业的奖补资金由国家和地方两级提供。国家层面由工业和信息化部负责制定专精特新企业的奖补资金管理办法，地方层面由省级中小企业主管部门负责组织实施专精特新企业的奖补资金发放工作。

根据《专精特新企业奖补资金管理办法》，专精特新企业的奖补资金主要包括以下三个方面：

（1）专精特新企业认定奖励。对初次认定为专精特新企业的中小企业，按照每家企业5万元的标准，给予一次性奖励。

（2）专精特新企业评价奖励。对评价为专精特新企业的中小企业，按照评价等级，分别给予不同金额的奖励

（3）专精特新企业发展支持。对专精特新企业在研发创新、品牌建设、市场开拓、人才培养、融资担保等方面的支出，按照一定比例，给予补助，具体比例由地方政府根据实际情况确定。

专精特新企业的优势和挑战

专精特新企业作为中小企业中的佼佼者，具有以下优势：

（1）政策优势。专精特新企业能够享受国家和地方的多项优惠政策，如税收减免、金融贴息、政府采购、科技项目、创新基金等，降低经营成本，提高资金效益。

（2）市场优势。专精特新企业能够凭借专业化、精细化、特色化、新颖化的产品或服务，满足客户的多样化和个性化需求，增强客户的忠诚度和黏性，扩大市场份额，提升市场竞争力。

（3）创新优势。专精特新企业能够依靠强大的研发创新能力，不断推出新的技术、产品、模式，适应市场的变化和需求，抢占市场先机，引领行业发展，创造更大的社会价值。

（4）发展优势。专精特新企业能够借助国家和地方的梯度培育机制，从创新型中小企业到专精特新中小企业，再到专精特新“小巨人”企业，实现层层跃升，实现高质量发展。

专精特新企业在发展过程中也面临以下挑战：

（1）创新能力不足。专精特新企业虽然具有较强的创新能力，但与国际先进水平还有一定差距，尤其在原始创新、核心技术、关键零部件等方面还存在短板，需要加强自主创新，提高创新质量和效率。

（2）融资难融资贵。专精特新企业虽然能够享受一定的金融支持，但仍然面临融资难融资贵的问题，尤其在疫情影响下，银行信贷收紧，民间借贷成本高昂，影响企业的资金流动和投资扩张。

（3）营商环境待改善。专精特新企业虽然能够享受一定的政策扶持，但仍然面临一些制度性和非制度性的障碍，如行政审批、市场准入、知识产权保护、公平竞争等方面还有待完善，影响企业的发展空间和潜力。

专精特新企业的建议和对策

针对专精特新企业的优势和挑战，本文提出以下建议和对策：

（1）加强创新能力。专精特新企业应该坚持以创新为第一动力，加大研发投入，提升研发水平，突破核心技术，形成核心竞争力。同时，专精特新企业也应该加强与高校、科研院所、行业协会等外部创新主体的合作，利用各方的资源和优势，构建开放式创新体系，实现创新的共赢和共享。

（2）拓展融资渠道。专精特新企业应该充分利用国家和地方的金融支持政策，积极申请贷款、贴息、担保等金融服务，降低融资成本，增加融资效益。同时，专精特新企业也应该积极探索多元化的融资方式，如股权、股权众筹、天使投资、风险投资等，拓宽融资渠道，增加融资选择。

（3）改善营商环境。专精特新企业应该积极参与政府和社会的沟通和协商，反映自身的需求和困难，争取更多的政策支持和服务保障。同时，专精特新企业也应该遵守法律法规，诚信经营，维护自身的合法权益，促进行业的健康发展。

Summary

专精特新企业是国家重点扶持的创新型中小企业，具有专业化、精细化、特色化、新颖化的特征，能够提升产业链供应链的稳定性和竞争力，享受税收优惠、金融支持、政策扶持等多项优惠政策。专精特新企业的申请条件、认定流程、评价标准、奖补资金等方面都有国家和地方两级的管理。专精特新企业在发展过程中也面临创新能力不足、融资难融资贵、营商环境待改善等挑战，需要加强创新能力、拓展融资渠道、改善营商环境等对策。

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